Barley (Hordeum vulgare) - The History of Domestication

Barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) was one of the first and earliest crops domesticated by humans. Currently, archaeological and genetic evidence indicates barley is a mosaic crop, developed from several populations in at least five regions: Mesopotamia, the northern and southern Levant, the Syrian desert and, 900–1,800 miles (1,500–3,000 kilometers) to the east, in the vast Tibetan Plateau. The earliest domestication was long thought to be that of southwest Asia during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A about 10,500 calendar years ago: but the mosaic status of barley has thrown a wrench into our understanding of this process. In the Fertile Crescent, barley is considered one of the classic eight founder crops. A Single Wild Progenitor Species The wild progenitor of all of the barleys is thought to be Hordeum spontaneum (L.), a winter-germinating species which is native to a very wide region of Eurasia, from the Tigris and Euphrates river system in Iraq to the western reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Based on evidence from Upper Paleolithic sites such as Ohalo II in Israel, wild barley was harvested for at least 10,000 years before it was domesticated. Today, barley is the fourth most important crop in the world after wheat, rice and maize. Barley as a whole is well-adapted to marginal and stress-prone environments, and a more reliable plant than wheat or rice in regions which are colder or higher in altitude. The Hulled and the Naked Wild barley has several characteristics useful to a wild plant that arent so useful to humans. There is a brittle rachis (the part that holds the seed to the plant) that breaks when the seeds are ripe, scattering them to the winds; and the seeds are arranged on the spike in a sparsely seeded two rows. The wild barley always has a tough hull protecting its seed; the hull-less form (called naked barley) is only found on domestic varieties. The domestic form has a non-brittle rachis and more seeds, arranged in  a six-rowed spike. Both hulled and naked seed forms are found in domesticated barley: during the Neolithic period, both forms were grown, but in the Near East, naked barley cultivation declined beginning in the Chalcolithic/Bronze Ages about 5000 years ago. Naked barleys, while easier to harvest and process, are more susceptible to insect attack and parasitic disease. Hulled barleys have higher yields; so within the Near East anyway, keeping the hull was a selected-for trait. Today hulled barleys dominate in the west, and naked barleys in the east. Because of the ease of processing, the naked form is used primarily as a whole-grain human food source. The hulled variety is used mainly for animal feed and the production of malt for brewing. In Europe, the production of barley beer dates at least as long ago as 600 B.C. Barley and DNA British archaeologist Glynis Jones and colleagues completed a phylogeographic analysis of barley in the northern fringes of Europe and in the Alpine region and found that cold adaptive gene mutations were identifiable in modern barley landraces. The adaptations included one type that was non-responsive to day length (that is, the flowering was not delayed until the plant got a certain number of hours of sunlight during the day): and that form is found in northeast Europe and high altitude locations. Alternatively, landraces in the Mediterranean region were predominantly responsive to day length. In central Europe, however, day length is not a trait which (apparently) had been selected for. Jones and colleagues were unwilling to rule out the actions of possible bottlenecks but suggested that temporary climate changes might have affected the selection of traits for various regions, delaying the spread of barley or speeding it, depending on the adaptability of the crop to the region. How Many Domestication Events!? Evidence exists for at least five different loci of domestication: at least three locations in the Fertile Crescent, one in the Syrian desert and one in the Tibetan Plateau. Jones and colleagues have reported additional evidence that in the region of the Fertile Crescent, there may have been up to four different domestication events of Asian wild barley. The differences within groups A-D are based on the presence of alleles which are differently adapted to day length; and the adaptive ability of barley to grow in a wide variety of locations. It could be that the combination of barley types from different regions created increased drought resistance and other beneficial attributes. U.S. botanist Ana Poets and colleagues identified a genome segment from the Syrian desert variety in Asian and Fertile Crescent barleys; and a segment in northern Mesopotamia in Western and Asian barleys. We do not know, said British archaeology Robin Allaby in an accompanying essay, how our ancestors produced such genetically diverse crops: but the study should kick off an interesting period towards a better understanding of the domestication processes in general. Evidence for barley beer making as early as Yangshao Neolithic (ca 5000 years ago) in China was reported in 2016; it seems most likely to have been from the Tibetan Plateau, but that has yet to be determined.   Sites Greece: Dikili TashIsrael: Ohalo IIIran: Ali Kosh, Chogha GolanIraq: JarmoJordan: Ain GhazalCyprus: Klimonas, Kissonerga-MylouthkiaPakistan: MehrgarhPalestine: JerichoSwitzerland: Arbon Bleiche 3Syria: Abu HureyraTurkey: Çatalhà ¶yà ¼kTurkmenistan: Jeitun Selected Sources Allaby, Robin G. Barley Domestication: The End of a Central Dogma? Genome Biology 16.1 (2015): 176. Dai, Fei, et al. Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Mosaic Genomic Origins of Modern Cultivated Barley. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.37 (2014): 13403–08. Jones, G., et al. DNA Evidence for Multiple Introductions of Barley into Europe Following Dispersed Domestications in Western Asia. Antiquity 87.337 (2013): 701–13. Jones, Glynis, et al. Phylogeographic Analysis of Barley DNA as Evidence for the Spread of Neolithic Agriculture through Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 39.10 (2012): 3230–38.Mascher, Martin, et al. Genomic Analysis of 6,000-Year-Old Cultivated Grain Illuminates the Domestication History of Barley. Nature Genetics 48 (2016): 1089. Pankin, Artem, et al. Targeted Resequencing Reveals Genomic Signatures of Barley Domestication. New Phytologist 218.3 (2018): 1247–59. Pankin, Artem, and Maria von Korff. Co-Evolution of M ethods and Thoughts in Cereal Domestication Studies: A Tale of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare). Current Opinion in Plant Biology 36 (2017): 15–21. Poets, Ana M., et al. The Effects of Both Recent and Long-Term Selection and Genetic Drift Are Readily Evident in North American Barley Breeding Populations. G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 6.3 (2016): 609–22.

The For The Metropolitan Atlanta Red Cross Essay - 1610 Words

The Pillowcase Project was created in 2005 by the Southeast Louisiana Chapter of The American Red Cross after witnessing Loyola University students carrying their belongings in pillowcases upon evacuating the school dorms due to the massive flooding associated with Hurricane Katrina. Soon after, New Orleans chapter Chief Executive Officer Kay Wilkins partnered with a local art therapist to create a program that helped children cope during the recovery process after Hurricane Katrina. In 2013, Disney decided to collaborate with The American Red Cross to extend access to the program to other regions of the United States. To date, Disney remains as a strong financial contributor to the program. Hence, The Pillowcase Project evolved into a preparedness program for elementary school students between grades 3rd through 5th (American Red Cross, 2016). The ultimate goal for this program is to increase shared knowledge. Each child that attends The Pillowcase Project class represents a ‘share’, the more ‘shares’ the more information is taught allowing the information to disseminate throughout the community. The goal for the Metropolitan Atlanta Red Cross Chapter is to teach the preparedness curriculum to 1500 students within the neighboring counties we by the next fiscal year. This program addresses the public health issue of individuals, families, and communities being ill-prepared for an emergency, be it due to a man-made or natural disaster. This program was designed to targetShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis25582 Words   |  103 Pagesthe Cafà © Series range as a high-performing premium brand. Sunbeam focused on magazine advertising and point of purchase displays. In addition to the magazine print campaign, supportive materials were developed— such as a 12-page brochure, in-pack cross-selling leafl ets, on-pack/product stickering and in-store merchandising posters. 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Business Environment and importance of theory and history in Management free essay sample

All of those factors both internal and external, which influence function of a business. Internal factors include items such as the company’s product or services. Employees, assets and marketing. External factors include competitors, stockholders, customers and economic conditions. The business environment can affect both its employees and its productivity. i. e, studies have shown that workers in a situation where morale is high will produce a great deal more than workers in unsatisfactory conditions. The business environment is affected by various factors like: Economical factor, Demographic factor, Ecological factor, Geographical factor, Internal and External factors, etc. In order to run an organization effectively and efficiently the manager must first thoroughly understand the nature of the organization’s environment. THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT: The environment that has a direct impact on the business. Here there are some internal factors which are generally controllable because the company has control over these factors. It can alter or modify such factors as its personnel, physical facilities, and organization and functional means, like marketing, to suit the environment. The important internal factors which have a bearing on the strategy and other decisions of internal organization of the organization are discussed below: Value system The value system of the founders and those at the helm of affairs has important bearing on the choice of business, the mission and the objectives of the organization, business policies and practices. Mission and vision and objectives Vision means the ability to think about the future with imagination and wisdom. Vision is an important factor in achieving the objectives of the organization. The mission is the medium through which the objectives are achieved. Management structure and nature The structure of the organization also influences the business decisions. The organizational structure like the composition of board of directors , influences the decisions of business as they are internal factors . The structure and style of the organization may delay a decision making or some other helps in making quick decisions. Internal power relationships The relationship among the three levels of the organization also influences on the business. The mutual co-ordination among those three is an important need for a business. The relationship among the people working in the three levels of the organization should be cordial. Human resource The human resource is the important factor for any organization as it contributes to the strength and weakness of any organization. The human resource in any organization must have characteristics like skills, quality, high morale, commitment towards the work, attitude, etc. T he involvement and initiative of the people in an organization at different levels may vary from organization to organization. The organizational culture and overall environment have bearing on them. Company image and brand equity The image of the company in the outside market has the impact on the internal environment of the company. It helps in raising the finance, making joint ventures , other alliances, expansions and acquisitions , entering sale and purchase contracts , launching new products, etc. Brand equity also helps the company in same way. Miscellaneous factors The other factors that contribute to the business success or failure are as follows: Physical assets and facilities: Facilities like production capacity, technology are among the factors which influences the competitiveness of the firm. The proper working of the assets is indeed for free flow of working of the company. Research and development: Though RD department is basically done external environment but it has a direct impact on the organization. This aspect mainly determines the company’s ability to innovate and compete. Marketing resources: Resources like the organization for marketing, quality of the marketing men, brand equity and distribution network have direct bearing on marketing efficiency of the company. Financial factors Factors like financial policies. Financial positions and capital structures are also important internal environment affecting business performances, strategies and decisions. THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT: It refers to the environment that has an indirect influence on the business. The factors are uncontrollable by the business. There are two types of external environment. Micro Environment: The micro environment is also known as the task environment and operating environment because the micro environmental forces have a direct bearing on the operations of the firm. â€Å"The micro environment consists of the factors in the company’s immediate environment that affects the performance of the company. These include the suppliers, marketing intermediaries, competitors, customers and the public†. The micro environmental factors are more intimately linked with the company than the macro factors. The micro forces need not necessarily affect all the firms in a particular industry in the same way. Some of the micro factors may be particular to a firm. When the competing firms in an industry have the same micro elements, the relative success of the firms depends on their relative effectiveness in dealing with these elements. Suppliers: An important force in the micro environment of a company is the suppliers, i. e. , those who supply the inputs like raw materials and components to the company. The importance of reliable source/sources of supply to the smooth functioning of the business is obvious. Customer: The major task of a business is to create and sustain customers. A business exists only because of its customers. The choice of customer segments should be made by considering a number of factors including the relative profitability, dependability, stability of demand, growth prospects and the extent of competition. Competition not only include the other firms that produce same product but also those firms which compete for the income of the consumers the competition here among these products may be said as desire competition as the primary task here is to fulfill the desire of the customers. The competition that satisfies a particular category desire then it is called generic competition. Marketing Intermediaries: The marketing intermediaries include middlemen such as agents and merchants that help the company find customers or close sales with them. The marketing intermediaries are vital links between the company and the final consumers. Financiers: The financiers are also important factors of internal environment. Along with financing capabilities of the company their policies and strategies, attitudes towards risk, ability to provide non-financial assistance etc. are very important. Public: Public can be said as any group that has an actual or potential interest in or on an organization’s ability to achieve its interest. Public include media and citizens. Growth of consumer public is an important development affecting business. Macro Environment: Macro environment is also known as General environment and remote environment. Macro factors are generally more uncontrollable than micro environment factors. When the macro factors become uncontrollable, the success of company depends upon its adaptability to the environment. Some of the macro environment factors are discussed below: Economic Environment: Economic environment refers to the aggregate of the nature of economic system of the country, business cycles, the socio-economic infrastructure etc. The successful businessman visualizes the external factors affecting the business, anticipating prospective market situations and makes suitable to get the maximum with minimize cost. Social Environment: The social dimension or environment of a nation determines the value system of the society which, in turn affects the functioning of the business. Sociological factors such as costs structure, customs and conventions, mobility of labor etc. have far-reaching impact on the business. These factors determine the work culture and mobility of labor, work groups, etc. Political Environment: The political environment of a country is influenced by the political organizations such as philosophy of political parties, ideology of government or party in power, nature and extent of bureaucracy influence of primary groups etc. The political environment of the country influences the business to a great extent. Legal Environment: Legal environment includes flexibility and adaptability of law and other legal rules governing the business. It may include the exact rulings and decision of the courts. These affect the business and its managers to a great extent. Technical Environment: The business in a country is greatly influenced by the technological development. The technology adopted by the industries determines the type and quality of goods and services to be produced and the type and quality of plant and equipment to be used. Technological environment influences the business in terms of investment in technology, consistent application of technology and the effects of technology on markets. ROLE OF THEORY AND HISTORY IN MANAGEMENT Practicing managers are increasingly seeing the value of theory and history in their work. In this section, we first explain why theory and history are important and then identify important precursors to management theory. Some people question the value of history and theory. Their arguments are usually based on the assumptions that history has no relevance to contemporary society and that theory is abstract and of no practical use. In reality, however, both theory and history are important to all managers today. WHY THEORY? A theory is simply a conceptual framework for organizing knowledge and providing a blueprint for action, although some theories seem abstract and irrelevant, others appear very simple and practical. Management theories used to build organizations and guide them toward their goals, are grounded in reality. Practically any organization that uses assembly lines (such as Daimler Chrysler, Black and Decker, and Fiat) is drawing on what we describe later in this chapter as scientific management. Many organization including Monsanto, Texas instruments, and Seiko, use the behavioral perspective (also introduced later) to improve employee satisfaction and motivation. And naming a large company that does not use one or more techniques from the quantitative management perspective would be difficult. For example, retailers like Kroger and Target routinely use operations management to determine how many check-out stands they need to have. WHY HISTORY? Awareness and understanding of important historical developments are also important to contemporary managers. Understanding the historical context of management provides a sense of heritage and can help managers avoid the mistakes of others. Most courses in U. S. history devote time to business and economic developments in this country, including the industrial revolution, the early labor movement, and the Great Depression, and to such captain of U. S. industry as Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads), John D. Rockefeller (oil), and Andrew Carnegie (steel). The contributions of those and other industrialists left a profound imprint on contemporary culture. Mangers at Wells Fargo clearly recognize the value of history. For example, the company maintains an extensive archival library of its old banking documents and records, and even employees a full-time corporate historian. As part of their orientation and training new managers at Wells Fargo take courses to become acquainted with banks history. Similarly, Shell Oil, Levi Strauss, Ford, Lloyd’s of London, Disney, Honda and Unilever all maintain significant archives about their past and frequently evoke images from that past in there orientation and training programs, advertising campaigns, and other public relation activities.

Moral Decline Among Youth free essay sample

I. Introduction Moral is not only attitude but covering all the aspect of life. As the communities that are often being part of the victims of the ‘surrounding’, youth are often exposed to the negative elements that could spoil the mind, lifestyle, culture, behaviour and their interaction with society. Some of the factors are materialism, hedonistic, individualistic and westernization. II. Body A. One of the factors is the materialism. 1. Materialistic nature that trying to planted in youth a. Change the way to shop, pattern of life, choose work and build their dreams (personal observation) b. Bore all the philosophers use the available natural resources and do not think about what needs to be left to future generations ( personal observation) 2. The concept of moderate spending and to be responsible consumer do not exist a. The birth of lifestyle spending all income earned, without thinking about the future (personal observation) b. c. B. Another factor is the hedonistic culture among teenagers. 1. Cultural entertainment to fulfil human desires a. The modern pursuit of happiness has resulted in extreme expression of escapism i. Drug abused and alcoholism affecting the even the youngest members of society (Nominis Expers Forum, 1999-2000) b. Having sexual relations with more than one person in the same day outside the bond of marriage (Helen Gurley Brown, 1960) c. The life is to be live to escape pain, including responsibility for anything uncomfortable that youth begin to rebel 2. Selected entertainment from mass media influence a. As a result, the kid will become aggressive or lose a sense of differentiating reality and fiction of what they are seeing (Rayuso, 2008) b. Media has had an increasingly negative impact on the way teenage girls measure their personal image and beauty standards. (Malaysian Authors Wanted) i. actively seeking to find an identity c. Music videos may have a significant behavioural impact by desensitizing viewers to violence and making teenagers more likely to approve of premarital sex (Pediatrics 1996) C. Other than that, factor of westernization in Malaysian youth. 1. Break down all the pure culture belonging to the east community a. had been exposed to strong influences of the Western culture i. lifestyle, clothing and language (personal observation) b. Western culture has certainly enhanced the lives of teenagers in the East. 2. Relationship that involving same gender (personal observation) a. Homosexual that influenced by western culture III. Conclusion Hedonistic culture especially selected entertainment from mass media influence, as well as lead to bad effects through mind, lifestyle, culture, behaviour, association in society of youth in Malaysia. All parties must mobilize to overcome this problem. This include from the family, friends, educators and government.

Athenian Government essays

Athenian Government essays In the beginning and even before the seventh century Athens rule was chaotic. One dictator that did not speak for the people usually oversaw what little government that existed. All this began to change over the years to come; great leaders and lawmakers began to reform society. People such as Draco and Solon tried to institute new ideas of law. Cleisthenes brought a plan of political organization after the last tyrant rule of Peisistratus. Finally Ephialtes leads us past the fifth century into the future. In the centuries before democracy most governmentally issues were overseen by the aristocratic classes. It was not really anyones choice to be ruled by these people, but oligarchy was inevitable. It was easy for those with no money to turn the power over to those that had money, because well the poor depended on the rich. Soon though this dependence became halting to the growth of the overall economy. Slowly this lead to a unification of the small villages. Synoikism of these small rural communities formed these little societies called poleis, which developed into cities such as Athens and Sparta. In 620 BC Draco the Lawmaker tried to reform old ways and bring the power away from the people and to a more organized condition. This first big shift of power away from family and to the state was a large one. He also called for an equalization of laws, so that each was enforced equally to each class of persons. This lead into the beginning of the ever-growing development of democracy. During the sixth century in Athens there were many problems within the society; the existence of slavery and the power still beginning held with the rich. In 594 BC Solon the Lawmaker came into power. He instituted what was called, shaking off of the burdens which abolished slavery. He tried to redistribute political power with reform of the government jobs and whom they were offered to. Thi ...

U.S Intervention Essays - Moiss Giroldi, Panama, Noriega

U.S Intervention Essays - Moiss Giroldi, Panama, Noriega U.S Intervention U.S Intervention As early as the 1500s, the idea of constructing a ship canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans occurred to navigators and explorers, as the geographical form of the Central American Isthmus was becoming known. Many Isthmus surveys were made over the years. Opinion remained divided between a route through Panama and a longer route through Nicaragua. This divided opinion continued until the building of the Panama Canal was begun by the U.S. in 1904. By the end of the century the U.S. government would find themselves in an unnerving situation; concerned with the Panama Canal and other economic interests would unfortunately demonstrate unequaled force and damage to an innocent people with their focus on something other than what was in the sights of their rifles. Panama was originally created by the US in 1903 so that they could build a canal between the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean. Noriega, Panamas defacto leader, was in league with the US, the CIA, and the Drug Enforcement Agency until 1986. In June 1987 violent popular demonstrations erupted in the streets, due to reports of election fraud and Noriegas involvement in major human rights abuses. In February 1988, Noriega was charged by the US courts with aiding in the trafficking of drugs between Columbia and the US. The president of Panama subsequently fired Noriega from commander of the Panamanian Defense Force. The National Assembly replaced the president with a supporter of Noriega. Noriega himself although still sustained most of the power within the Panama Defense Force. The U.S. refused to recognize the new president and placed massive economic pressure on Panama by cutting off U.S. aid, freezing all Panamanian corporations. Noriega was a corrupt dictator heading an efficient narco-militaristic regime in Panama. He was involved in drug trafficking, arms smuggling, money laundering, and the ruthless oppression of his people. He also systematically violated the American-Panamanian Canal treaties and harassed U.S. forces and institutions in Panama. The problems the U.S. recognized in Noriega began in 1985 as an internal Panamanian affair. Between 1985 and the 1989 U.S. invasion, it went through a series of five mini-crises. These included the murder of Hugo Spadaraora, a physician but also a revolutionary, a guerrilla fighter, and a political activist. The Herrara confessions were brought forth by Colonel Roberto Herrera who was to replace Noriega after he was to retire in 1987. After Noriega announced he would remain in control Herrera in retaliation publicly revealed details about Noriegas crimes as well as accused him of orchestrating the murder of Spadafora. A turning point occurred in February 1988, wh en the United States declared drugs to be the major threat to American society at the same time that Noriega was indicted in Florida for drug trafficking and money laundering. The Reagan and Bush administrations hoped for and peferred a Panamanian solution, like a coup, an election that would end Noriegas rule, or a popular uprising similar to that of the uprising that dumped Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines. On October 1st 1989, the wife of Moises Giroldi, a member of Noriegas inner circle who had crushed the 1988 Macias coup attempt, informed Southcom officers that her husband was planning a nonviolent coup against Noriega and that he wanted limited U.S. help. Giroldis coup took place on October 3rd 1989. Mrs. Giroldi and her children were given shelter, the U.S. forces blocked the requested roads and for a few hours Noriega was a prisoner in the hands of Giroldi, who tried unsuccessfully to persuade him to retire. Supposedly several rebel leaders, but not Giroldi, were then prepared to turn Noriega over to U.S. authorities, but in some way Noriega was able to contact his special unit, Battalion 2000. The Battalion crushed the rebellion using other Noriega loyalists. Giroldi was later severely tortured and killed as were several other coup leaders. The two administrations used covert operations to help start popular uprisings and coups and also assisted the opposition in the 1989 Panamanian elections. None of these efforts were successful, and the United States decided to use other measures to remove Noriega such as negotiations, economic and diplomatic sanctions, and military threats. These attempts also failed, partly due to mixed messages, operational restrictions, and incompetent

Relationship between Sound and Space in I am Seating in a Room by Essay

Relationship between Sound and Space in I am Seating in a Room by Alvin Lucier - Essay Example Instead, the artists who firmly occupy one discipline – composers who compose music, artists who create visual art, and architects who fashion functional space – find themselves more readily embraced by critics and audiences. Artists whose work combines all of these disciplines however often encounter a chilly, if not confused, critical and audience response. Susan Philipsz, who won the Turner Prize in 2010, has been called the â€Å"first artist working with sound to have won the prize,† and some sound artists view this development as a positive harbinger for the discipline as a whole (Searle n.p.) Searle describes Philipsz as â€Å"just a singer, with the sort of voice you might feel lucky to come across at a folk club. But there is much more to Philipsz than a good voice. All singers, of course, are aware of the space their voice occupies, of the difference between one hall and another...But the way Philipsz sites recordings of her voice is as much to do with place as with sound† (Searle n.p.). True, Philipsz’s use of sound is extraordinary. However, Philipsz is still â€Å"singing† in the traditional sense of the word. ... Sound artists define the term polymath; they straddle multiple disciplines, including art, music, performance art, and architecture, and become masters in each. However, the critical community has not caught up to the speed at which these artists process the physical world. Aside from the occasional Burning Man performance, for the most part sound artists remain in obscurity. This reality exists because sound art by nature occupies a fractious, shadowy space between two critical perspectives that harbor two powerful biases: the visual bias of the so-called â€Å"visual† art school of criticism, and the â€Å"music† bias of the music school of criticism. Both biases persist and effectively hamstring critics to discuss one or the other, but never both. Is it art, or is it music? Is it sound, or is it art? As Cox argues, â€Å"the broader field of sound art has been ignored by musicologists, art historians, and aesthetic theorists. The open-ended sonic forms and often sit e-specific location of sound installations thwart artists musicological analysis, which remains oriented to the formal examination of discrete sound structures and performances, while the purely visual purview of art history allows its practitioners not only to disregard sound art but also to gloss over the sonic strategies of Postminimalism and Conceptualism† (Cox 146). Never mind that music itself is a form of sound – in fact, all noise that the human ear processes can be conceived of as such – yet the polarizing critical perspectives persist, to the detriment of scholars and audiences alike. As Cox explains, â€Å"sound art remains so profoundly undertheorized, and†¦has failed to generate a rich and compelling critical literature†¦because the prevailing theoretical models are inadequate to it.